Can You Die If You Get Aspirated?

The World According to Kutz

Kazimierz Kutz, through its extremely hostile statements against the Dąbrowa Basin has become a symbol of hatred toward the Silesian region. Do Kutz actually deserved such an opinion? Here is a sample of his work:

But the border river, which separates Russia from the German advance, and before the war from Silesia Basin is the most important boundary in my life. It fell behind her misery to Silesia. Here are touching two civilizations: the Latin and Byzantine. My world was blinded to the German model, it was ruled familijność and industriousness. On the other side reigned cunning, bribery and informing. And this world, in uniforms and suits UB party apparatchiks, entered the war in Silesia and trampled him into the ground. Commune, in the worst its release. Enough, then you do not understand that Silesia is for decades did not want to understand it. This family in front of them insurgents, including mine, fled to Germany. Today, civilization can not see the differences here and there blocks, but they are not able to hide my childhood memories. There were mountaineers, we Hanysy for them. Second Republic was so clever that scaliła these worlds are not in a body, only PRL palnęła civilization and made a foolish province. Asia and Europe combined.


Unfortunately, the author of this text there was the word he gave his famous fobiom, very deceptive in describing the reality of those years. This is a description of the supersaturated negative emotions, while Kutz uncomfortable though many of the true facts of that period zamiótł just under the carpet to visitors (readers) do not see them. Yes it did in this "world lepionym the German model?

Tear down this black and white, unreal image borderland described by Kutz, you can very easily - just to mention Silesians who helped the Germans during the occupation in filling offices and "introducing the order" in the Dabrowa Basin. Suffered as a result of both the family and the Polish Jews. What do you feel with their own shops threw their Volksdeutsch behind Brynicy not difficult to guess. Volksliste signed by some 90% of the Silesian, 40 thousand. served in the Wehrmacht, today said that they did it "fear", in order, but it probably does not explain those who served the Germans eager? Looking at the world in the way Kutz could spin on the basis of far-reaching generalizations and accusations.

There are also figures on the participation of residents in the Dąbrowa Basin resistance. Here cooperation with Germany, people are rather highly abhorred. It is precisely in such difficult moments, it turns out who really has the character, and character who only . Association of White Eagle, AK, PPS-GL, a large representation, and also, unfortunately, many victims, but no it can for some very important because that's were the only Polish "Asians" and the wilderness which was then attacked Poland (concentration camps, burning people in furnaces, torture device by the Gestapo, the pseudo medical experiments, rape, robbery, racism in the worst form) is like those "Europeans" carrying the torch of civilization, its fine ..


K. Kutz in their description of the family also praised the rebels, but it eluded him where the insurgents were getting support for those who took it failed, first and foremost the creation of those who fought there then. Insurgent "Silesian" was also Sosnowiec Kiepura Zagłębiaków and many others, risked his life but did not have to.

Brynica - a legendary river, for centuries the border between the countries and regions.

Still with reference to the earlier - in addition to the Silesian who behaved shamefully towards the DS at that time (probably from material motives), there were some who worked in the resistance movement. You must mention this because they simply must. There was even a joint Army division, because the world is not as easy as if he wanted to see some people, and people are different everywhere (egoists and altruists, wise and less wise, honest and thieves). Strange The age that this man is not yet time to grow up so banal truths. Any extreme judgments kontrreakcję cause, in this entry is not a way to avoid criticism and to draw various Silesians facts from the past to demonstrate the absurdity of what he wrote Kutz, but for clarity I repeat once again - the black sheep goes everywhere, and the GS and the DS in every corner of the world so careful with generalizations.


Communists from Silesia

visionary world in terms of black and white Kutz, of course, also forgot about the Communists in Silesia, podlizujących the Stalinists so much that they even changed the name of Katowice, with their participation in the Stalinogrod. Speech by Mr Morcinka in the Sejm of 1953 is quite cabaret today: here to greet the victorious troops Ślązak Comrade Stalin. No wonder that the Silesian, hiding in her heart deep gratitude to Comrade Stalin is a great, heroic city wanted to rename the Stalinogrod

governor of Silesian-Dąbrowa during ubeckim was also a native of Silesia, whom it hired Ziętek at home? Some concrete numbers, data based on documents? Is this "communism at its worst," it was E. Gierek? Against the background of what is happening in the different parts of the Polish and the background of the then Communist Party apparatchiks he specifically did not stand up against, and there are those who say the contrary. Kutz, however, and none knew their numbers and statistics were never needed him. It is worth mentioning the way that Mr Kutz when he called this communism Kuc yet so do not abhor - already during their studies to work on the board of the university ZMP, and even later was associated as one who, rather close to the people's power, not as the creator of the opposition. The sudden explosion of anti-Kutz at just after 1989 seems so very convincingly.


Silesia and that is holy and cursed

antyzagłębiowskich Kutz wrote many texts, gave many interviews. The TVP "Wesoło or sad .." also often referred to the Dąbrowa Basin. His callers invited to the studio sometimes it toning, Andrzej Drawicz said that it looked wrong, Feliks Netz explicitly said that what he does not understand at the Silesian This zapiekłość against Basin. Kutz, however, gave her and the crowd gathered in Katowice studio applauded. A glass may be half full or half empty depends on who wants to see her, Kazimierz Kutz always looked at Sosnowiec and ZD malignant eye and wanted to see themselves in this region the worst things ...

Upper familok characteristic of this region, K. Kutz grew up in a family like Szopienice (now the district of Katowice).

To this day, is indeed quite Silesians many who throw mud at the Basin Dabrowski any occasion. Maybe because I like to brag about is not too much what it is attacking the competition. The other cities disliked by them (especially about Warsaw) also happen to write them a variety of strange stories, and probably do it the same person. Perhaps this manner due to excessive fat diet at the Silesian population poniektórych GSL? Gastryczni People are just supposed to tray. Man gastric Kutz which undoubtedly is in his stories, however, went a little too far. Does anyone imagine that the derived the Basin Janusz Gajos or write any, Jacek Cygan Silesians comments? Do not write them, perhaps because it is a different mentality, so more Asian .


Pennants in the wind

After 1989, there is many who suddenly burned with great reluctance to outgoing communism. Kutz movies go around the regime's money, who lived in those days, wealthy and comfortable, too, began to manifest his reluctance to the previous system. But he did it in a rather clever way, it is often wplątując unfortunately Region dąbrowski. Bad is the Communists were in the Basin, and on his beloved Silesia themselves anti-communists - so it more or less flew. Well, if they were so anti as Mr Kutz is actually the mainstay of Silesia was "anti-Communists."

From the smallest towns in Łódź and Warsaw, the Commune was everywhere, then their people. Cooperated with those who had no ideological resistance, and was tempted by their power, influence and money. Went for anyone is indeed all countries of the former Eastern bloc. In the East German communists ruled, raging stasis, shot at people crossing the wall. After opening the archives of the local security police, it turned out that a great percent of the population reported on its neighbors (and it seems Germany is such a decent nation.) Claiming that Silesia was an island is so so naive that the author probably did not believe in fairy tales that served by another. It looked as if the text is the result of personal complexes, the director, the desire to fit into a new system ... Jerzy Urban (former neighbor of the estate for Kutz peerelowskich celebrities, known as the Bay of Pigs Red) once said that whatever the circumstances, always falls on their feet and he fared well, both under communism and after 1989. Undoubtedly, Kazimierz Kutz has a similar ability to always fall on their feet, just as if sometimes a little ashamed of that.


Kutz views on the Basin began to evolve over time, no longer wants to share, will cooperate. Perhaps this is revealed to his local patriotism in the new circumstances. In the interest of Katowice is a fact that remained in the Sosnowiec region so Kutz did not exacerbate disputes. Or maybe he just got tired of this aggression, and even criticism of him ZD is already good for nothing ... This cited the need beginning of the text ("Returns Hanysa" - Weekly Politics - No. 31) dates back to 2002 and see if there is an attempt to withdraw from the barricades, which he previously usypał (formerly they were the "be" and now it's here and there blocks .) If it did not do it, someone might ask, inquiring why not work on the separation of these two regions, after all, after the collapse of communism in Poland it is very possible. Anyway, this question is asked (to date) on both sides of Brynicy by various "evil separatists".

"I am for or even against" - K. Kutz on the march was a Palestinian, but the province of Upper Silesia in the historical borders not want to.

It is worth mentioning at the end, although sometimes annoying Kutz texts it is better to have them a considerable distance. And that's because he can very well manage feelings of readers / viewers, and the apparent emotion often be hidden, only cold calculation. I especially recommend that the ZD residents, who were often just a backdrop for K. Kutz needing to prove his anti-communism after 1989. For example, even this passage: This family in front of them insurgents, also mine, fled to Germany. What does it mean that "escaped" and to whom exactly? Was it was a postwar emigration to West Germany Silesians? Probably yes, but because emigration is associated with trips to improve the material conditions (with PRL poor to the rich West Germany ..) so Kutz, "he went insurgents" for better effect. Who in fact did not have mercy on the fate of insurgent families and who will not support anti-communist Kutz, in his righteous indignation ... It was surprising that he himself fled to the FRG.

In the interview, the excerpt was presented for the DS is also such a dramatic description of how to attack the young Soviet soldiers Ślązaczkę (Kutz writes that he instilled in the Communion against ). Of course, any normal person on the state of the victim ... and then you look too kindly look at Kutz (this is a decent man, we have a similar scale of values). Since then, he already leads the reader by the hand where he wants. Meanwhile, in a biographical book, "All that Kutz" is described as a light situation as he defended a student accused a colleague of the ZMP of rape. Well, it comes out that morality also sometimes relative. In a good theater, the idea is to evoke in the viewer's emotions. If the audience is indifferent yawns whether this performance is poor. Kutz as a good director can no doubt create a good presentation - some of them laugh and applaud, others are angry and others cry. He can also freely create positive and negative characters, and ... build your own legend.


Kutz controversy with lyrics a little bit as if to prove that you are not an alien. Practically, this does not even make much sense, but the entry for that person to miss this site could not because I am interested in all the difficult questions (and this is one of the "heavy cases") in relation dąbrowsko-Silesia. It is also always present your point of view that there is no situation that someone has a monopoly on "truth" ... because sometimes you may find that on the other hand, it looks completely different.

Spray Tans In Fredericton

Work on Metropolitan Law, recent discussions with politicians and determine which cities / areas will be covered. Dabrowski region, however, everything is clear - he will find himself in the "Silesian Metropolis" (presumably this It will be a bore), and there is no escape from this.

Dabrowska Metropolis Metropolis

this certainly does not rise (so this is just theorizing), but could arise if the local self-government in advance lobbied for its creation. They should get started around 20 years ago, ie shortly after the first democratic elections - then peel the course to build self-feathering of the region rather than in Silesia. Cities that could come in its composition is uniform in terms of culture, have a common history and are among themselves since time immemorial closely linked economically.

Characteristics This area boasts quite niezłymi qualities of nature and landscape. Slavkov and is part of Dabrowa Kraków-Częstochowa Jura. There are large and clear lakes, a lot of forests, even the Desert, and east of the DG fields and idyllic, Małopolska landscape, rich rocks of the Jury. The area shown on the map of cities in more than 380 km2. Dabrowski Cities region also have a rich history dating back to the Middle Ages. This applies not only Bedzin, Czeladź and Slavkov, because in Sosnowiec, DG, and are also Wojkowice the village, which already existed in the middle ages - say about this mention in the annals of ancient monuments and preserved. In terms of wealth stands out here Dąbrowa Mining, which has been located in the top of the rankings the wealthiest communities in Poland, but the metropolis as a whole or not narzekałaby lack of resources. Number of inhabitants in this area exceeds 460,000, and could be even more because it's not only the town and municipality ZD. There is also quite an academic center - in Sosnowiec and Dąbrowa universities for today educates approximately 20,000 students ... This is what is important, however, is that it would be a truly zagłębiowska metropolis.


Silesia and always together

Metropolitan Dabrowska will not, but would you put the question - is it really the city Dąbrowa Basin and Upper Silesia must do virtually everything together, always holding the handles? It's boring already doing. And why not, however, bet on the history and tradition, which values \u200b\u200bthe province ruled out completely reject? Two metropolitan areas in the historic regions could be an interesting solution. Depending on the intra-Dąbrowa Basin are also much stronger than those in the whole province. Tram systems in the ZD and Silesia are nevertheless quite different, and are linked together only one line (15). Electricity in the Dąbrowa Basin provides Będzin ENION for Silesia and Vattenfall (the former Gliwice GZE). Heat Supply Company of Dabrowa supplies heat to the area around the ZD, Silesia and other vendors have. Also, water supply does not so much integrated (Dąbrowa has its own PWiK). Similarly, waste management and many other fields. Realistically looking, most "link" cities are the ZD and Silesia in Katowice, which as the capital of the province are well connected to all the cities and serve as the administrative, political, etc. .. They are also the most common benefit metropolis.

Someone may notice that the two cities would mean higher costs, but then the bigger the organism, the more posts, and besides, reasoning in this way would be to ask what Sosnowiec how it can be incorporated into the Katowice and through to save money on salaries for the board. In fact, moreover, clearly shows that the entire Metropolitan Act is done mainly so that the plan came "for their" (and to honor certain cities, in order to feel bigger and more significant). If we could rely in the province. Silesia KZK GOP does it mean that you can work effectively together (to apply for grants, etc..) without any extra law. The conclusions suggest themselves.

Instead of two different but internally consistent (historically) the creation of metropolitan areas is therefore a large collective farm, which from the ends of the dąbrowski Bug Gliwice, will have nearly 70 km long. Managing such a large area is difficult, and a foretaste of how it will look like in practice, it can be such inefficiency KZK GOP-u. Simply put, no revelations Let no one expect ... in a single field. The name of this new creature, like the name of the province completely skip dąbrowski region, but it is already in the very intolerant of differences Province "Silesian" norm, and probably will not surprise anyone.

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Metropolitan Museum of "Basin Dabrowski"

Basin Dabrowski turns into a kind of museum. Sosnowiec today lies in the Silesia Province, belongs to the Upper Silesian Metropolitan Union, will be included in a future "Silesia" and the whole of Poland is seen as a city of Upper Silesia.


beginning of the end

creation in 1999 of the present region "Silesian" coincided with the liquidation of the mining industry in ZD, which can be regarded as symbolic and practical date to say farewell to a certain age. Dabrowski Cities region were then formally absorbed by the Upper Silesia, while lost something I always identified the coal industry that is. Identity zagłębiowska was in fact built over decades based on the traditions of the mining industry, and importantly, in isolation from Malopolska. Malopolska region devoid of roots, in addition, very large territorially, it has become so (becoming) as an easy target for thirsty new areas, neighboring Silesia.

The museum zagłębiowskiego are people still believing themselves to be Zagłębiaków and few institutions that support this region. Do not include the prośląscy to him by politicians and supporters of "Silesia" (Gorski, Winiarski, Podraza and their ilk), because for them Dabrowski Basin is just vanishing in the sub-GSL ..

Expo Silesia, Sosnowiec? And who is surprised ...

Museum of Upper Silesia

Brynicy On the other side there is also a kind of museum people who do not want to go with the times, but their situation is incomparably better. Name of the region, its symbolism, perception in the media, support from national institutions and provincial museum dąbrowski far apart from the Upper Silesia. The first one is fighting for the right to exist, the latter only the directions of development (autonomy, woj. Upper Silesia, etc...) Comparing the situation of these two worlds is simply not in place, and sometimes it happens, unfortunately, also in Sosnowiec forums.


"Administrators"?

It is also true that the Province of Silesia was built entirely by sterile with all identity, "administrators." Between those who want the province Upper Silesia within the historical range (as few of them) and migrant administrators are still Silesians who have a different vision for the region (United Silesia), and they are numerous enough in the power structure of this province that they can successfully push through all of what they want (see - force terminology here.)

In truth we also note that, while politicians are passive and ZD spolegliwi report, however, sometimes demands a pro-Zagłębie. She was the amendment in the Parliament asks that this voivodship name "Silesian-Dąbrowa (about 150 deputies voted in favor), there were also demands the introduction of the symbolism of Malopolska (Little Poland Silesia-coat), and finally were disputes as to the name of the Metropolitan Association. They are all gone, because there is no tolerance for diversity in this province, but there is no plans to distribute it, what is not.

Upper Silesian Metropolitan Union is to Sosnowiec and Dabrowa Mining the present, while Dabrowski Basin is increasingly rejecting the story ...

Masterplan

Silesian region is an artificial region internally inconsistent and unstable. Even his name causes the conflict and no one really knows what it is all over. As many as half of the Malopolska province is a historical, regional identity on the "conquered" areas increases, it may happen so that Silesia would not be able to digest and absorb these areas permanently. But silesianiści have delineated a plan and consistently implement it. First won Province. "Silesian", later designated MAUS, now working on the metropolis, and how to achieve this goal, and - will strengthen cooperation within the agglomeration until the rise of an integrated city of two millions. Silesia is to be 10x greater than małopolsko-Silesian Bielsko-Biala, and it will be 10 times harder to build, but the course was marked out and the ship may cause slow, flowing to the target.


Rough

What has been written above is not meant to pit someone situation of the region, but to describe reality. Many people in the ZD because cheating is arguing that "we have our region", whereas this region is just leftovers and the myth of being a native memory. On the fringes of cities, ZD long installs Silesia became here the real host. The existence of "museum" absolutely does not bother silesianistom - let Zagłębiaków consider it, let them say it is a region, as long as nothing changed .

From the viewpoint of supporters of Silesia, but to the best museum did not realize that it is (hence, insisting that the name of the region irrelevant, etc.). A good example is indeed a password: Silesia Silesia is not . He uses it both a "museum" and silesianiści. For the latter, it is used to toning moods and demands of the rebels - not rebel against the name, after all, state "Silesian" is not Silesia, and how bad you are fighting with niedouczonymi journalists (ie, with windmills to infinity). In other words, at the present day for the supporters of "Silesia" is reality, and for "museum" merely illusions and fight for the crumbs.

Can A Person Die From Vomit Aspiration

Pyrzowice vs Balice

two airports, just 80 km inevitably doomed to continued competition. Pyrzowice in this competition fall getting better and maybe it will soon become the No. 2 airport in Poland. The success of Pyrzowice determined by various factors, and contrary to appearances, not only the closeness of the agglomeration (Balice less potential for eligible population of the region of compensating for the tourists from abroad, who frequently visited Krakow).

Obviously, the choice of airports by passenger (especially local) is not determined by membership in the provincial port only the actual proximity, ticket price and availability of connections sought. Since for many people (passengers) due to the distance of both airports are equally interesting so the whole competition is focused on offering as many connections and (what is important in Polish) their price. Hence, the envy of many of the boards of both airports so. low cost, and compete in their ideas for attracting to himself.

for today more and more people from the vicinity of Krakow and begin to fly from Katowice which is a new trend, because the former is rather Balice attracted a lot of passengers from the province. "Silesia". In interviews given to the media by representatives of the Krakow airport can sometimes feel upset the existing situation. The possible loss of position Airport No. 2 will be a blow to Krakow Balice, and not only economic but especially prestigious.

in 2007 in Krakow cleared 35% more passengers than in Katowice. The difference this year is expected to be only 10% (per pasazer.com).

Both airports have ambitious plans for growth. There are even opinions that far too ambitious. "Pyrzowice want to build a completely new terminal port so that it could dismiss some 9 million passengers a year (same as now Okecie). Is it not too optimistic that the plans? Ostensibly maybe so, but according to some politicians / visionaries airport is intended to be a port ... No one in Poland and not enough to compete at even marginalize Balice early perspective. In addition to investments in the same Pyrzowice airport is also planned expansion of local road and rail connections (fast line through Bytom). The costs of building a fast line through Silesia would be large (mining damage land purchase, etc..), But plans are well advanced and is likely to be realized.

Dabrowski and Silesia Basin

Very often in the context of regional disputes raised is the issue of belonging Pyrzowice (gm. Ożarowice) to the county tarnogórskiego. And quite rightly so, because it is an interesting question of good imaging as it is absorbed by the Lesser Basin Dabrowski neighboring Silesia. However you look at the specific case more broadly, because it is usually shortness of the sentence "Silesians Pyrzowice seized because of the airport." Well Będzin Ożarowice not lost on the last administrative reform as some soot, but much earlier.

few facts: first

Ożarowice municipality was incorporated into the county tarnogórskiego 1 January 1973. The Communists have done so because of the relative geographical proximity Ożarowice Tarnowski Mountains - then the lines drawn in the administrative cities, districts and provinces without regard for the historical legacy of .

second In the PRL binding zoning (also for treatment) - take the Ożarowice Będzin resulted from the district that, in the municipality that is already two generations of people who have their birth certificates included: place of birth - Tarnowskie Mountains. It is a powerful integrating factor. Ożarowiczanie also benefit from the long tarnogórskiego education, work there, go for shopping, cinemas, cafes, etc.. (Because it is the closest major city). It is obvious that many of them considered the presence in the county Ożarowice Tarnowskie Góry as completely natural.

third Sometimes there are opinions that Ożarowice should rebel and demand a return to county Będzin. But let's be objective, and requires not only from others. First, Sosnowiec, DG, and Czeladź Będzin are still greater fervor in the integration of the region of Silesia Ożarowice than the authorities. After all, S-ec belongs to MAUS and reported adherence to the future Silesia. Why require a local (zagłębiowskiego) Ożarowice patriotism from the mayor as the presidents of the largest cities in the region do not have it for a penny? Secondly, it is accented membership county, and yet hardly anyone is considering this provincial. We all sit in Silesia, and this is the essence of things. Dabrowski Basin is not even his relationship with cities and municipalities so what is there to say? What is the alternative really is Ożarowice Będzin? Tarnowskie Silesian Mountains (near) or Silesian Będzin (below).

4th In the same way as were taken Ożarowice, are also absorbed Bobrowniki. For many people in this community because of geographical proximity are the most important cities of Bytom and Piekary. Work there, where they learn, benefit from treatment, etc. .. At both sites and Bobrownik Ożarowice coming too Silesians - they are attractive single-family housing. If you take this number of inhabitants (Ożarowice 5400) it comes out that is not good and rather ZD already lost this town forever, and may lose it the next ..

Dabrowski Basin as the region loses here, you may lose everything, and is gradually absorbed by the Silesia, not only in the area Ożarowice but entirely (as some people though have not seen). Some municipalities a little faster, a little different slower, but all going in the same Silesia wheelchair in the same direction.

Silesia Airport

Some argue that it Pyrzowice Silesia Basin Dabrowski and airport management in the meantime there is nothing to doubt. And not just for this. Quote from the magazine called Katowice (nomen omen) "Silesia Airport": "Czestochowa, the twelfth most populated city in Poland, the center of academic and industrial center brings together the economic potential of the northern half of the Silesia region." Czestochowa as midnight Silesia may sound for many strange, but these are the directions and the reality of this region ... The newspapers also Jura Katowice airport is the "Silesia" and everything in its area remains. As for the background sound voices of people who say that "Silesia Silesia is not?. ZD Czestochowa and this can at most sub-regions (to calm the natives a bit.) Subregions in the Silesia, of course.

The province and its development plans of the many things you can learn from the score reaching from the side just as prominent companies such as Katowice. They clearly show what is to be in the future, this new "Silesia," as big and as great ambitions is nowośląska tops (whether they succeed is another question.)

Delete?

Progressive Ożarowice absorption through Silesia does not look promising, but this does not mean that it should be deleted as a municipality Ożarowice Dąbrowa Basin, and not interested in it more. None of these things, just need to realistically assess the situation to draw conclusions relative to the rest of the region. Ożarowice case is also good to highlight where we really run these limits (for 20 years may now it will not talk about) and, unfortunately, to demonstrate the complete inconsistency in the views at the Silesian poniektórych regionalists.

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Former defensive residences west of Little Poland

For many centuries, the border remained Malopolska district of the kingdom, a New York served as its capital. On one hand, favored the economic development of the region, but on the other double-exposing it to the invasions of the near neighboring land. The proximity of a troubled border region prompted the Polish magnates to build the entire system of Western Galicia defensive stronghold. Particularly meritorious in this field was Kazimierz Great for that does not free it was said that "he found Poland built in wood and a brick." Medieval castles

were (are) the most striking landmarks in the region. Many of them still stand today, and although they are often only a ruin, they still carry a strong message in the spirit of old times and provide the 1000 summer Lesser / Polish heritage of these lands. Locks due to the owners (founders) can be divided into the king's bishop and knight. A lot of them in addition to defensive functions simultaneously played the role of the neighboring points of menopausal territories (Czech Republic).

Bedzinski castle was one of the furthest forward in the west among the Malopolska watchtowers.

Olsztyn
was a royal castle built in the first half of the fourteenth century by Casimir the Great. According to some sources, already in this place was a walled fortress of Cracow bishops called Przymiłowice . Olsztyn Fortress was one of the larger and more significant. To this day the upper castle with a tower and part of the building residential tower and village administrators.

Mirow
Initially, this place was a stone watchtower, cooperating with the lock bobolickim. In times of Casimir the Great, it was soon enlarged and turned into a classic castle. In 1501 he became the seat of ancestral coat of arms Jastrzębiec Myszkowski, who expanded it even more. To this day, among others survived parts of the walls and tower, and although the object itself to expansion, retains its characteristic Gothic shape. It is situated on a slight hill and quite clearly visible even from a considerable distance. Between the lock and bobolickim Mirowski (a distance of only 2 km) stretch Mirów rocks, which, along with scenic values \u200b\u200brepresent an attractive place for people interested in rock climbing.

Bobolice
royal castle in Bobolicach was founded in the fourteenth century by Casimir the Great. Very often changed its owners and not always continued on at the same time without conflict. In 1587 castle was overrun by Archduke Maximilian of Habsburg - its troops have done a lot of the damage. Even soldiers have greater damage Swedes, who in 1657 ransacked and burned the castle. From that moment on he began to gradually decline and change in disrepair. Today, however, the castle is rebuilt bobolicki and will soon be able to recover its former appearance.

Smolen was a medieval castle, its construction is attributed to the Pilczy Ottononowi h. ax, (first half of the fourteenth century). In 1563 the owner became a banker Seweryn Boner (Mr. Castle Ogrodzienieckiego), which expanded the Smolensk fortress and gave it the Renaissance style. Preserved up to now only a ruin - part of the chambers, walls and the tower height of 16 m. The castle is situated on a wooded hill.

Ogrodzieniec
Like the previous one, also this was a knightly castle - at the beginning of its existence, belonged to the house Włodków Sulimczyków. The fort is commonly known as "Ogrodzieniec, but is in just 2 km from the city Podzamcze. It was built in the first half of the fourteenth century on the highest hill Krakow-Czestochowa Upland (Castle Hill, 515 feet). It is also the largest castle in the jury, its volume is 32000 m3. In the mid-sixteenth, the owner has Seweryn Boner its reconstruction and typical Gothic structure has changed in the palatial Renaissance residence. They are currently known. permanent ruin located in the care of conservation.

Rabsztyn
Fortress rabsztyńska originally belonged to the family Toporczyków, and then was taken over and expanded by King Casimir the Great. To modern times, preserved fragments of the upper castle and the castle walls and bottom. Recently, it started its reconstruction - is reconstructed watchtower and the main tower. Rabsztyńska stronghold is located very close to Olkusz (gm. Olkusz), but another medieval Castle also existed in the city, but unfortunately it did not survive to this day.

Pieskowa
Brick Castle Rock was put into Pieskowa Casimir the Great, through what they are talking chronicles Jan. In 1542 he began his conversion, which transformed it into a classic Renaissance residence. Later, the castle was expanded and continued, despite a variety of historical turmoil, survived in good condition today (albeit with a much changed appearance.) Today it houses the Department of State Art Collection of Wawel. The castle is adjacent to the Paternity National Park, at its foot there are five ponds and the famous limestone rock called Hercules' Club.

Fathers
royal castle was built on the initiative of King Casimir the Great in the second half of the fourteenth century. There is mention that already in this place was a wooden watchtower / fortress, which the king simply expanded. His crew consisted of up to one hundred people and it was closely related to the defense of Cracow. Survived to modern times, only fragments of the building - part of the defensive walls, accommodation, entrance gate and the tower.

Rudno
This castle belonged to one of the most powerful families of the former Polish - Tęczyńska. It was erected in the mid-fourteenth century on a hill high above sea level 403 m. He was one of the largest and most magnificent Polish castles - for a long time it was called the "second Wawel Castle." Today, they are now only ruins but they still make quite an impression on visitors. From the elements which survived should be mentioned winding characteristic quadrangular tower, preserved the fragments of living quarters, chapel, several towers and defensive walls with bastions. Initially Tenczyn was a typical Gothic castle, in 1570 John Tęczyński rebuilt it into a rich Renaissance residence, and the next 1610 years were reconstructed, giving him a character of a fortress bastejowej.

Babice
is one of the bishops' three castles located in a region (the other two are Siewierz and Slavkov ). On the walls of the inner courtyard you can see the arms of the Bishops of Krakow - Z. Oleśnicki (Dębno) and W. Jastrzębca (Jastrzębiec). It was built on a limestone hill Lipowiec and so it was called. "Lipowiec" lost its importance after the acquisition by Z. Oleśnicki Siewierski Principality. They are currently the ruins, among which include preserved four-storey, 28 m tower.

These locks are just some of the old residence of the defense of western Malopolska. However, they are among the most important and what is important, preserved in fairly good condition today (compared with others). Are often referred to as "Jurassic castles" because they are in the Cracow-Częstochowa Upland (the exception is here Bedzin, which is formally on its edge). These forts were built of local stone so to blend into the neighborhood, Klippen landscape.

order is placed the names of locks according to their actual geographical location that is the most southernmost town in the north (Olsztyn) in a southerly direction. Castle Będzin should be between a rabsztyńską ogrodzieniecką say, but "the knowledge" of his photo is at the very beginning. It is no coincidence that all posted here are strongholds between Krakow and Czestochowa, as it is in this area occurred the most and they were most impressive here. In the south-western part of Malopolska province can meet rather defensive Courts (Sucha Beskidzka, High). Similarly, the Żywiec, which has not been preserved castles "in a climate of" those presented above (the old castle in Zywiec is admittedly medieval origins, but has been rebuilt and looks a lot differ from those set forth in the registration).

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Leftist sympathies in the region Dabrowskie

Red Basin - Part II

In 1945 came a new time and new authorities. Instead of an imposed system of free elections, which preached to all and sundry that it works for the good of "the working class." Working-class traditions of the region attempted to use it for propaganda purposes, and the story was clearly distorted. Prominent people then the apparatus of power emanating from Dąbrowa Basin were Aleksander Zawadzki and Edward Gierek. While the former is a completely forgotten figure today, it still raises a lot of Gierek emotions and controversy. It is also quite commonly associated with Sosnowiec.

In his memoirs, he wrote: I love Basin with the sky coated with heavy clouds of dust brzemiennymi, smoke and soot. Zżyłem of the land zrytą mine shafts and sidewalks, dotted with hałdami, all the poverty and misery, the people inhabiting it, hardymi not poddającymi to adversity.

Gierek fond of emphasizing that comes from Sosnowiec. This is often praised and ostentatiously flaunted this. In this respect, resembled John Kiepura even though they were obviously quite different characters. Some could then get the impression that the region Game is not particularly favorable. What was the truth about the privileges he says about, but we repeat: Basin owes Dabrowski E. Gierek smoking smelter Katowice, gray blocks Zagórz and soap, and ... the label "red" Basin. Help for the region, unfortunately, Edward did not come ...

hard to find in Sosnowiec, but a magnificent building from that era, the city could boast of it happening for other things. In 1975, coal mine, "Mortimer-Porąbka in Sosnowiec-Zagórze gierkowskim, changed its name to the Coal Mine" Red Basin. " It is not difficult to guess from whom the initiative change occurs. Known for its entertainment and lifestyle son of the then Prime Minister Jaroszewicz has been described as the "Red Prince", a Warsaw housing estate for PRL-legislative instruments VIP maliciously called "red bay of pigs". Gierek, however, apparently in the name "Red Basin" pejorative did not see anything. For him, this was just a working-class traditions of the region with whom the tradition as a Communist he wanted to identify with. Not everyone, however, so take back, and after 1989 people reluctant to ZD (On the other hand Brynicy) tried to use this term for the oppression of inhabitants of the region.

I do not think anyone in the Dabrowa Basin bothered Silesian barbs, but it does not hurt to pay attention to the phenomenon. It is interesting that these people remember the Gierek, and forgot about Communist Ziętku. Remember the Red Basin, and forget about what you name it Stalinogrodzie Classifieds wore at the request of the writer Morcinka and other prominent Silesians. April 27, 1953 r Morcinek Gustav gave the communist parliament speech owskim: here to greet the victorious troops Ślązak Comrade Stalin. No wonder that the Silesian, hiding in her heart deep gratitude to Comrade Stalin is a great, heroic city wanted to rename the Stalinogrod . Well ... apparently some of the memories and perceptions are always reset when you change the system.


In 1980, Solidarity was born, grew strikes, a year later, W. Jaruzelski imposed martial law, and so ended a decade of E. Gierek. It is worth mentioning that one of the longest strike establishments in December 1981 was Dabrowska mill. Its suppression was used almost 5,000 policemen, 2,000 soldiers and 200 armored vehicles including several tanks. Your episode in protest those years also had a mine in the Red Basin. " Eight years later, eventually splajtował PRL.

In the first free elections since 1989 in Dabrowa Basin won the Solidarity movement. In 1990 local government elections in Sosnowiec won the Citizens' Committee of Solidarity + MKK, which won a total of as many as 35 seats. The second group received the order just after 2 places in the City Council. But the disappointment came very quickly. Local establishments were closed, there is high unemployment, people began to fear for his own future. Postsolidarnościowe governments led to almost total elimination of the coal industry in the Dabrowa Basin. Closed mines with rich deposits in liquidated pavements sunk expensive equipment. All this meant that part of the public considered to be the authorities' "right-wing freaks" who suppress or selling off the cheap Polish industry. As a result, the electoral pendulum of sympathy for a long time swung to the left and the next election postsolidarnościowe groups received little support here.

The fact that the left is usually in the county getting more Sosnowiec votes than was known. the national average has meant that the term "red" Basin not gone after 1989, entirely in the past. During the electoral term is sometimes invoked at times.

Jolanta and Alexander Kwaśniewscy - in the opinion of much of the population of Sosnowiec, the ideal presidential couple.

successes in the left circle Sosnowiec resulted not only because of the liquidation of the local industry, but also some general sympathy of the people against "Left". The Myth of Edward Gierek, then still lingering in different parts of the country, was probably the strongest in the Sosnowiec. It turns out that some residents gave the city to buy a few good words ... If you ask them because the benefits for those times Sosnowiec it usually takes a long silence and then some ....... mention "roads and underpasses ". Of course, these successes should not be left overdo it - this band would get here is usually about 10% of the votes more than the so-called. "Secondary" districts. Nothing is as eternal, and the grace of voters in the brightly colored horse rides which can be seen on the results of recent elections.

As for the party called SLD formation it is very flexible and quite a little walking up to certain values. It is widely said to them as "communism", but are rather "businessmen" who have long since stopped believing in any ideology. First, they lived comfortably and being wealthy in power in the era of the PRL, and when the system is changed, they changed their views with him. With loyal friends of the USSR became a devoted U.S. allies and EU. One of the heads of the CIA described the Miller-era Poland as "extremely eager to work" and called the 51 U.S. state. At the local yard Sosnowiec leaders of the batch also adjust smoothly to current trends and build "the Silesian Sosnowiec," even at the cost of their own identity (in general have any?).

In 2001, the electoral coalition of the SLD-UP has obtained the best result Sosnowiec district in the country. This revived the myth of the "red" of the Basin, but now times seem to fade away success of the left.

It is also worth noting that although the left-wing sympathies of the inhabitants of the region are a reality, it is only a piece of the puzzle consisting of a larger and more varied whole. For many people, even a relatively insignificant part. To complete the picture of the region could include many other areas and disciplines - even a rich tradition of struggle for independence.

This topic, however, with leftist sympathies, and the Red Basin, so you can say in conclusion that the term now comprise as many as three different meanings - the first of these is the traditions of the revolution of 1905 are described in the previous section, the second meaning is "Gierek region" and Third is a good performance left the district in nearby years. Some of the matches to determine the fact that, in the Diocese of Sosnowiec only 33.3% of persons (2007) is attending the Sunday worship services (according to the church). Similar in this respect only: the Diocese of Warsaw (33.6%), Lodz (28.6%), Szczecin-kam. (29.3%), Legnica (35.9%) and Warmia (35.3%). The average for the whole Polish is 44.2%. Looking at the countries of Western Europe, these 33% are not so little.

traditions of the labor movement in the region with the time tried to appropriated owska PRL-formation, but the term "Red Basin," dating back to 1905, after the Revolution is best approached calmly and treat it as part of rich history of this land. There are some areas in Poland, whose history can be written down in one piece, here is different and I do not think that was a cause for worry, quite the contrary. Of course, with attribution to which I referred earlier - it is known that in Sosnowiec opposition defines SLD as "red" and is often used to insult the band, how it will always be, but it's not SLD Basin .. One thing is also certain - Poland will never in this region did not disappoint - even and perhaps especially in times of occupation and annexation, and that is why they say the most difficult moments. The time that was the highest and the region that began dąbrowski something more than "that Polish" to receive, the more that both PRL and during the transition after 1989 Basin Dabrowski paid double the price for the experiments that the authorities' urządzały Polish economy.

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Red Desert Basin

Red Basin - almost everyone at least once met the definition. However, not everyone knows where it came from, how much truth in it, and how much myth. To find out, should go back to the early labor movement in the Dabrowa Basin, because it is these traditions are at the root of the term.

Polish Kingdom

industry in the region Dabrowski began to develop intensively already in the early nineteenth century. First, there were coal mines, steelworks and then turn its other branches. The whole earth Będzińska time was a part of the Polish Kingdom, which was under the rule of the Tsar. At that time the Romanov Empire covered a huge territory and ranged from Polish far as Alaska. Residents Sosnowiec, Lodz or Warsaw for a certain period of its history were so administratively in one country with part of today's United States.

Dabrowski Basin was the most industrialized region of the Polish Kingdom. Accumulation of mines, mills and factories favored the creation of this area of \u200b\u200bstrong labor movement. Large impacts are also independents were Polish political parties, especially the Polish Socialist Party Jozef Pilsudski. Movements for independence, opposition to Russification, exploitation of workers and deteriorating living conditions in 1905 led to the outbreak of acute antycarskich riots. They covered all the Polish Kingdom and the Basin was Dabrowski One of the most important of their centers. Tide occurrences in the region began a strike at the factory, "Fitzner and Gamper" (later "Fakop"), and it was exactly 1 February 1905.

in clashes with Russian soldiers killed many of the protesters. Steelworks in Sosnowiec, in Katarzyna killed at least 38 people, several hundred were injured. The victims were in other cities in the region. For strikes to be actively joined pupils who have called for a course in Polish. Protests also supported the middle class and intelligentsia, and virtually all major political parties (which in fact they were an active party).

Republic Zagłębiowska

Antycarskie riots lasted with varying intensity for a long time. Their peak falls in the autumn, when the Dabrowa Basin was able to completely take over from the tsarist administration. The Russian army had already ceased to react and did not leave their barracks, police were disarmed, worried some control over the factories and tried to organize the Polish government. It should be noted that before it came to the formal establishment of the Republic, in the Basin Dabrowski as a result of extremely strong instances of the Tsar's government has previously gone on a bit big concessions.

Dąbrowa School of Mines students took an active part in the Revolution of 1905.

was the only piece of contemporary Polish Kingdom where it issued uncensored Polish press (printed in the acquired plants) and where there was almost total freedom rallies and demonstrations. Climax of this "freedom" was the proclamation of the Republic, which was built near the main agreement political parties operating in the region (PPS Pilsudski SDKPiL and National Democracy / Union of Workers of R. Dmowski). It was a consensus across party lines because the parties differed widely, ideological issues. The Republic survived until 10 November when he imposed martial law carat, which is gradually suppressed all revolts.

1905 revolution was not anti-Russian first appearances in the Polish Kingdom and the region Dąbrowa. Pine, for example, has written a glorious card during the January Uprising. However, these were the first riots on this scale and were the first in which the major role played by more and more aware of their rights workers. These protests gave rise to the term "Red Basin" - a red that is struggling to improve the living conditions of the working class. It is worth noting that the revolution was started 1,905 years to the protests in Russia, and specific instances in the Kingdom was only the fact that here were these two lines - alongside the demands of social independence.

In the PRL political formation of the then attempted to resort to the above-described instances and use them for propaganda purposes. The only question is whether the persons involved in the events 1905 years would like to have anything to do with the PRL-owska power which is power saving before the strikes of workers, like the Tsar brought against them by martial law ..

partitions

Typically the partitions is seen through the prism of the fight for independence. But the reality of those years was much more complex and richer. It is interesting that in those days were built (architecture), high degree of culture, industry development, relations with the tsarist administration, the status of the Kingdom and the individual regions, as well as the lives of ordinary people who are not in active politics were involved. Due to the passage of time to issues related to annexations may already have a big gap and focus on finding interesting traces of the past in those years.

in Sosnowiec amounting to more interesting things at that time are even issues related to the development of railways, and typically need to replace residues pozaborowych Orthodox Churches. Once there were three, still retains the only one - the church of Vera, Nadezhda and Lub'wi (photo). Orthodox maczkowska was demolished in the 50s (she was the oldest church in the city), while the largest and most splendid (style neobizantyjski) St. Nicholas Church was destroyed in 1938 on a wave then those are the objects of destruction across Poland. The initiator of its destruction was Prime Minister Slawoj-Składkowski, moreover, by the year related to Sosnowiec. Precious icons exported from Sosnowiec adorned church today Wroclaw. Well ... pity those demolished.

attention associated with the legacy of Partition deserves one more thing. Well, in the areas of former partitions remained to this day remains a sense of belonging. In Galicia it is a highly visible example of Cieszyn Silesia, where many residents are not quite that completely distances itself from Upper Silesia, it still has some sentiment against Krakow. In the area of \u200b\u200bthe Kingdom of the Congress there is a similar phenomenon. Even today, unmatched in the region Dabrowskie people complain about the "Warszawkę" which is quite common in the neighboring Silesia. Generally, the lands of the former Kingdom are the least "anti-Warsaw", or even completely takowymi are not being characterized by "other partitions. Any thread of sympathy and common awareness of past probably lots more out there so the subconscious mind takes in the sphere of individual people living in areas of old partitions.

Initially this topic was to be only a prelude to the Red Basin, but because of the comprehensiveness of issues had to be divided into two parts. So let's say that this was the first part: Red Basin - Revolution. The second part speaks of leftist sympathies of the inhabitants of the region soon .. _____

Red Basin and independent - Interview with Z. Woźniczka

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The desert is situated between the towns of Errors, Chechło and Keys. It covers an area of \u200b\u200bapproximately 34 km2 and is divided into a northern and southern, separated by a White Przemsza. In the past, the area was much higher and reached more than 80 km2.

Desert is unique in Europe. These are the most volatile areas of sands in Poland and the biggest in Europe with an area of \u200b\u200bsand inland. Owes its name Nałkowskiemu Wenceslaus, who first coined the term in 1889

landscape and nature This peculiarity was due to the presence in these areas of huge deposits of sand and human activity consisting of among others the systematic cutting down the forests. In distant times in the area there were numerous Olkusz lead and silver mines to the smelting of metals which is a wood-fired kilns used. Robbery felling of trees in conjunction with the lowering of groundwater levels (the effect of mine drainage) and poor sandy soils of these areas, led to the gradual disappearance of vegetation and the creation of large areas that look like natural wilderness (Ash dunes of up to 20 m, sand storms and temperature, which in summer heats up the sand to the 70st. C).

Difficult conditions for vegetation caused a degree of flora tarsometatarsal here - the desert with a unique specificity (similar vegetation occurs in Poland only in the area of \u200b\u200bsand dunes). Many species of plants and animals that are found in the vicinity Chechło is inscribed to the "red book" as an extremely endangered. The desert region can also be found endemics - plants found only in the area. The most interesting representatives of the flora of what is mentioned here must be at least wydmuchrzycę sand, sand fescue, dziewięćsił, variety helleborine, clematis, mountain omiega and warzuchę Polish (endemic) - some sources say that the latter have unfortunately perished.

among animals and birds deserve attention include Boric lark, pipit grasshopper, dipper, Śniegula, Ortolan Bunting, Hoopoe, nightjar, Warbler, predatory buzzard, black grouse and protected species of woodpeckers. There are also entered in the Red Book of snake, Common Shrew, and the river threatened Flora brook lamprey. From the shores of the commoner animals Przemsza can meet many beavers, musquash, steppe polecats, moose, deer, wild boars, foxes, deer, roe deer, hawks, and some species of owls. White Przemsza is a kind of oasis among the sand and in the wider area are rich in animals forests.

Trivia

wilderness areas were backdrop for the film "Pharaoh" in the nearby coal mining excavation of sand shot a video for "Shadow of the Eagle" by Varius Manx. Several years ago the camel caravan arrived Błędowa, which sponsored the Muammar Gadhafi Libyan leader (it was a propaganda trip.) Animals underwent one thousand kilometers of many European countries and only in the vicinity of the Desert refused further down the road - perhaps sensed a friendly atmosphere and therefore no longer wanted to continue the journey.

Desert, as such, is almost entirely in the commune of keys, but the rich deposits of sand are also present in many nearby towns. Often they were and still are exploited, and the excavations are no longer empty ideal place for arranging them in water tanks. Created this way include Dabrowska Pogoria III (205 ha) and Pogoria IV (500 hectares), and the flood of jaworzniańskiej Sosinie (50 ha). Sosnowiec was less fortunate because the authorities there, instead of the lake in the mine workings Maczki-Bor urządziły landfill.

Proving Grounds

desert since time immemorial been used as a testing ground for various military formations - both Polish and German. Already in 1914, shooting activities take place here legionary infantry battalion from Czestochowa, preparing to battle Krzywopłotami. In During the Second Republic was a desert area of \u200b\u200bschooling for 2 Air Regiment and the Army infantry and artillery Krakow. During the occupation the Germans in the desert, arranged for an experimental testing ground of the Luftwaffe, the air base was located in Udetfeld Pyrzowice nearby. Luftwaffe tested here among other things, V1 missiles, and the tests took place Udetfeld fighter Me 163 rocket-powered. According to the often repeated opinion of the desert was a training ground for the German Afrika Korps expeditionary force, but the lack of a specific (especially German) source documents.


Shortly after the war were the areas around Chechło used by fighter aircraft and infantry LWP, and in later years classes were held here for landing troops from Krakow to this area, (formerly 250 ha) are used to today. Wilderness areas in 1999 were multinational maneuvers of NATO and aspiring to membership in the alliance, code-named "Co-Operative BEAR '99."

In the woods surrounding the wilderness can encounter many rare species of birds, including Buzzard.

Due to the use of such areas as military training, until recently there could be relatively easily encounter a variety of residues of these exercises (including unexploded ordnance). In 1994, engineers had cleared about 1900 hectares of wilderness, but only to a depth of 20 cm. The desert is too long, "purged" by collectors of militaria and colored scrap collectors - all this meant that there is a little "calmer", but certainly the desert sands lie a lot more dangerous memorabilia, especially from the period of WWII To this day, there are also some of the bunkers, including the German command bunker on the hill Ajuga. The hill is also a vantage point into the desert.

Sands or forests

Desert Currently more and more transformed into a. .. forest. Everything has already been written about the unique landscape gradually becomes just a legend. Tourists who visit the area often tend to be disappointed .. In the 50s there were large-scale afforestation Caspian willow and pine (it did prevent the "volatile sand" on what local residents have complained), and every year more and more desert area is shrinking . Contributes to the increase of groundwater level. Virtually the desert near the southern part of the lost already have a desert character (although there is still sand there is no shortage), while in the northern part near Chechło yet he kept. Nearly all sources claim within the wilderness area 34 km2, but the reasons described above, it really would have to talk only about 12 km2, of which a major part is overgrown with vegetation. Since 2000, Desert (located in the Nests Landscape Park) is covered by the protection program "Natura 2000" as an ecological site. Has been voiced about the need to preserve it was even an association dealing with this problem, but whether it will show the effects of time. For now, the desert sands increasingly lose out to Scots pine.

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Duchy Siewierski

Siewierz throughout history had a fairly unique and rich history. For many centuries it remained the capital city of the Principality Siewierski, which at some period of its existence it was almost an independent state.

ruins of the castle in Siewierz - a role he held once the summer residence of the Bishops of Krakow.

In the history of the duchy clearly draw the three periods. For simplicity, we can even say that there were three principalities Siewierski: the first was Silesia, a second - the Bishops of Krakow, and the third - "Napoleon."

Duchy of Silesia
At the beginning of its existence Siewierz subject castellany Bytom, which was located within the Cracow. In 1179, Kazimierz the Just gave Castellan Bytomka Plątonogiemu Mieszko (including Auschwitz), and thus Siewierz administratively from Galicia went to Silesia, where he remained for the next 264 years. In 1337, the city acquired the Casimir Teschen, who now began to style the master of the earth Siewierski. For the first time the phrase "principality Siewierski" was used several years later - in 1341.

Episcopal Duchy
Siewierz In 1443, together with adjoining was purchased by the Bishop of Krakow Zbigniew Oleśnicki. From then until 1790, these lands have remained in the hands of the bishops, who also wore the title of princes siewierskich. On the basis of laws of 1790 and 1791, the Principality has been formally incorporated into the Crown as a separate territorial unit in Krakow province.

Principality Napoleon
In 1807 Napoleon Bonaparte reestablished Siewierski Duchy and gave them to his Marshal Jean Lannes, Duke of Montebello. It consisted of a part formed at the same time (formally, even slightly beyond) the Duchy of Warsaw, but did not lasted long because of the defeat of Napoleon. Finally, in 1815 during the Congress of Vienna decided to set up the Polish Kingdom (Russian partition), which hit, among others Siewierz together with the surrounding lands.


Ducatus Severiensis 1443-1790

Duchy Siewierski its prosperity and importance owes to the bishops of Cracow, who purchased them from the Duke Wenceslaus I of Cieszyn as the sum of "six thousand. fines broad Czech cents." Its area was 607 km2, and included the cities: Siewierz, Czeladź and Koziegłowy and villages Gołuchowice, Lagisza, Wojkowice The rent, Rzeniszów, New Village, Strzyżowice, My Community, Myszkowice, Tąpkowice, Wojkowice Church, Dabie, Rogoźnik, Twardowice, the court, Winowno, Będusz, Żelisławice, Bobrowniki, zinc, Chruszczobród, Grodziec and Ożarowice.

Fr. Siewierski from the time the bishop was almost independent state. The Bishop was of absolute power - Have its own army, treasury, legislature, judiciary, the right of the sword (death punishment of offenders), the right choice of the official land, the right to confer nobility, etc. ..

A fuller independence, but you can not speak, because the Duchy enjoyed the protectorate of the Republic. Count Maurice Dzieduszycki in his book on writing to Zbigniew Olesnicki moreover explicitly states that the intention of purchase of these lands by the bishop was to join them back to the Polish. Relations between the Crown and the Principality were on the agenda. There is a known case troops that crossed the borders of the Republic of bishops and put it down Dice Napierski Podhale. During the Swedish invasion, although it remained officially neutral Siewierz, however, the castle remained Stefan Czarniecki troops, which gave the Swedes a pretext for its activities. On all maps of that period the area Ducatus Severiensis is presented as part of the Commonwealth, although sometimes it is clearly marked as a separate administrative unit. Law brought an end to the independence of the Great Sejm in 1790 incorporating the State Bishop of the Crown.

Z. Olesnicki was the first bishop in Poland with the title of the real duke. The Bishops of Krakow princely title used in modern times (the last was Cardinal Adam Sapieha, died. In 1951.)

Territory of the former Duchy in the areas of modern cities and municipalities. The wide line is the boundaries of districts Dąbrowa Basin, marked in gray area of \u200b\u200bSilesia - in times of the Duchy he was in another country.

Former Duchy Siewierski territorially very often equated with today's Basin Dabrowski but not fully correspond to the truth. Historical capital of the ZD is the Bedzin, who never part of the SC did not go. Throughout the period of his pre-Partition history, the city is invariably belonged to the province of Krakow and Malopolska.

In areas today Sosnowiec and dzin borderline Ducatus Severiensis determined the Black Przemsza. Downtown Sosnowiec was therefore a part of it, but the vast majority of the current territory of the city - no. Conversely applies to the Bedzin, which remained always on the side of the Crown, but today many of its neighborhoods (Lagisza, Grodziec, Gzichów, Małobądz) is a former princely lands. In Dabrowa boundary line runs along the river Trzebyczki, KS included in the composition, therefore, only the northern districts of the current DG: titmouse, and Trzebiesławice Ujejsce. The border was the Czeladz Brynica - land on the other side of the river, belonging to the townspeople czeladzkich were sometimes attached to the city.

worth noting that area during the bishop's KS was stable and did not change. Currently, there are certainly mistakes and counting to the area of \u200b\u200bthe property on the Bishops of Krakow Crown ie. "Slavkovsky key." It is Slavkov is a mistake because it will never part of that principality was not (well, unless the Napoleonic period, but the other thing duchy was already something totally different and really more an echo of former years, and its exact boundaries are not known ..).

Only a small portion of the current area of \u200b\u200bSosnowiec was part of the former Duchy Siewierski.

Mint

According to some studies, the bishops were also managing the Duchy of which have a mint until the end of eighteenth century struck own coin. Unfortunately, in these legends is merely a grain of truth. Well, around 1800 the then Secretary of the Crown and the Dean of Krakow Michael Sołtyk, shared minted in honor of his uncle - the Bishop of Cracow Kajetan Sołtyka, special, pre-date Siewierski ducats. Do they have never entered into official circulation, but the ones that have survived are still of great value to collectors.

On the obverse minted in gold ducats depicted Sołtyka bishop and the inscription in Latin: CAI Sołtyk EPI DUX SEVERIÆ CRAC (Cajetan Sołtyk bishop of Cracow, Duke of Severia). On the other hand their side the inscription: Coin Avre DVCATVS SEVERIÆ A: 1762 (gold coin princely Siewierski 1762). Dukat has a diameter of 20.7 mm and weighs 3.41 g. There are also silver pennies "Siewierski" minted with the date 1761.

Duchy Duchy Siewierski like Monaco?

Similarities exist, but differences as well. Fr. Siewierski was more similar to Andorra than to modern Monaco. The area is 468 km2 of Andorra and is a constitutional monarchy in which the head of state remain współksiążęta: President of France and English bishop. If the Principality Siewierski survived longer and had no political turmoil in this part of Europe, it is perhaps today would have a status similar to Andorra.

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last hours on the train from Delhi to Haridwaru.
the impression I did not have pictures. I regret a little bit, we spent a cool trip on a train sleeper class AC (climate). What you can see, but that fact climate was!
As usual in the car 80% of the rest are indigenous people from the world of freaks like us;)
After 5 weeks in India, the second contact with the Delhi made me a different impression. I have not heard the noise, haggled bravely slain price by 200%, with a smile and zadowolneniem world watched through the window a taxi (Tuk Tuk) brand dad shaped somewhat rounded Trabant. We said goodbye to India relaxed and satisfied with the mission. Complexes Zero, zero stress. So it's true, train journeys, I would recommend to anyone.

Simi Garewal Strip In Mera Naam Joker

way to Rishikesh - post office

In India everything is there so ... others:)
Post office in a city like Rishikesh absolute departure!
barred window (but colorful frames and eccentric rural cottages in Poland) in the middle of the threshing floor, further inside the barred window, a large table and above table for a tariff. Indian behind bars (Mr. postman). My grandmother (the late Irene), a long time ago when it zajeżdżałem to fantastico place called Trąbczyn was probably more bloated post office located in the fire station. But the Indians for a change, grow a real mystery in the field of packaging. From the impression I did not do either one of pics (sorry). Well, if you want to send home to such large Pake full souvenirs, mementos from a trip, etc.. you go to a circle, which specializes only in obszywaniu packages. Fellow takes your item and all of her elaborately trimmed in a material resembling linen cloth. Any parcel not leave India if it is not so secured. How is she ever ventures into India promise to take a picture of the packaging process from A to Z.
In Rishikesh we found a huge bookstore. Bookseller packed without any problem and give you the address indicated any number of books purchased for him. And you should know that India is world center of bookselling:) yes yes I'm not joking. You can buy a cult publications such as guides in the price of Pascal's about 1 / 4 value. For this example, Pascal's guidebook to India will pay on the spot a dozen or so in terms of gold, and how much is in Poland, check it out (today's homework.) Come to a Polish bookstore, buy books, for example, 1000 zł and then give a card at the checkout counter with an address and send it yourself, Make a pack of ...... Buahahaha
Ps
send packages to home is not stupid. If you are leaving for 2.3 months or more to travel, and airlines impose on you tight weight standards such as 15 kg, it turns out that there is nothing to do with the pounds of souvenirs purchased on tour. Therefore I will give you one invaluable advice.
If you see a beautiful city an object which arouses your desire - do not repent of money - Buy from! Do not worry that the backpack is getting heavier, because once you do a great 2.3 weeks Pake with gifts and you tell it to send you home. Before you finish your journey of life memorial will no longer safe at home and waiting for your backpack will weigh as much as the day of departure. Hawk

Post Right Hemicolectomy

Bajaj (Badźadź)

Bajaj, a brand of magic which you do not know absolutely nothing, except that the city produces motorcycles swietne 150th volume Today I had a chance to wypropobwac one of them ... After 20 years, after passing the exam on the cat prawko sat down at the controls of a small Indian monster. I do not know how it happened. Sure sight of hundreds of Hindu riding a madman through the streets of Indian cities, perhaps not met hitherto a dream of buying a motorcycle .. ? Come up and ... pojechalem.Nie placed the soil, not wiped, not monkeys killed on the road or the more Indian and :)))) We took it! on mountain roads, the color of danger and stopiu more or less 11 in a 10 point scale That our Szklarska Poreba or Zakopianka but with left motion without the traffic rules road abyssies beautiful views of the mountains and ganga [Ganges] on the bottom ... Initial Barry was not thrilled with sitting on Bzyku Norbim Honda, but with each hour in the trap of her enthusiasm grew. The moment of breakthrough to attempt their own forces at the gas station. Barry and Elwi wsiadly and went through the tunnel with a small dziarskim really required, without gear and clutch and fell in love with me, case w / Bajaj, wonderful, zgramby motorek a predatory appearance and a very lively one race .... but made himself liked, particularly on sharp bends and steep hill ... just like a wild horse tore. We drove like a crazy, first trip to the base camp where they begin rafting mountain [kayaking and rafting on the foaming Ganga] and then dinner and a trip to a mountain temple. I thought he will be 100 corners, but it was their much more ... oj Norbik already pretty much in his Honda perform data, I also like the BAJAJu drove him to work every day, normally story ... Below are a few clips from our harcore ps after the return of buying the bike, I do not know what, but I know that much:) CU

Color Pulse Chilled Plum

Rishikesh - paradise lost:)

Rishikesh
last hope to spend your time in India away from the orphans and the homeless ... After a momentary meltdown
found a place in which you away from the "synonyms" India spends the rest of the time until departure.
Unfortunately, there is every cheat, seedy hotels, beggars, orphans, shouting "This rupis" shit flowing in the gutter and not tylkooraz many others that are not about whom klmaty can be said briefly, "cool"!
cool because they are not and will not.
Discharge in Delhi and klejny every day in Indian cities, clearly demonstrates to us Europeans that this is not our natural environment.
Kupa on the street are not close to us and the recent sewage systems similar to those in India closed down in Europe as the saga before the Second World War ... :)
So before you get here you choose to inherit a patch to fix the culture shock you can effectively disturb the election the other impressions. In general, everything here is in excess and impressions to the brain burst in any available channels. haha
smell so everything is too smelly or too, people are too much or they do not at all, the food is nasty and too sharp in Appendix topped MASALA sakichana
this combination of spices to taste perwszego peacock ... then no longer want to even hear the word masala.
My paw was the first time but it soon turned out that a peacock had got all our six consecutively. Now nobody is masala-tea drink or meal with masala.
appreciate the fact of having a gas burner in the room, thanks to him since two days we eat lunch and not NORMAL abominations of Indian cuisine. sorry for the abruptness
spdzic It should be about 3 weeks to affirm the conviction of India are not for everyone. From our Sixes obranna almost all went hand, but the likelihood that this will be dazoce was toward zero. In fact, everyone who deserves here, he went on in their environment hardcorowca - it's a fact.
mind when bombarded with a thousand jst impressions hard to gloat over mysticism and religiosity of the inhabitants. moreover, many of these stories is either sucked from the finger or the August long ago obsolete. Indians of pewnascia are more religious than the Poles and their faith is less mendacious [IMHO]
but not think for encounters with each sathu an authentic mystic and ascetic. Often these are the protu Matchstick Men, people who with their way of life did the same way as nazarobkowanie.tak reportedly homeless children who sepia on UICY money from naive people on the mainland .... These children have a home, mothers and fathers who send them to the streets in order to skolowaly some money. Such are the facts.

But after the bucket of tar, I might add, with no regret. A trip to the distant [not just geographically] India is really expedition into the interior themselves, wyprwa to its roots and attempt to define its place in the circus called "life." Suddenly, in August takes
distance to many things to pogonii for cash and splendor.
Turns out 6 thousand km away is the country in which children wyprozniaja on the street into the gutter in the street where you eat, sleep, do Kupe, sells beverages and products of small catering. from a country where they live next to each other young educated Indians in jeans and cell in his hand, hand in hand with beings not of this era;)
In general, in India there is unbelievable fashion on the cells. I did not see anywhere else ever super ass komorek.Hindusi May tariffs and talk about how filming, ringing, talk about, you are sending text messages and melodies by "blututa.
Even those with seemingly poor sitting on the bus you are sending non-stop new ringtones blututem and share photos with boolywood :))))
country shocked!

and what our Rishikesh?
Small digression has become almost the theme of this episode, and yet was supposed to be a beautiful town which reportedly discovered long ago, the Beatles .... There are world
yoga center. On the streets of dozens of haunted from 1940 to 1950 years old from Europe, USA and other parties mira ....
each dressed like a princess in a Muggle "sindbady from baaru, foam pad on the shoulder, a red dot on her forehead, almost like the Indians .... almost [ad zywca]
today I saw on the street like a wheel chuck norris, unshaven as a badger, naked torso, painted as a native, wild look [who are interesting in their homelands when they return home already?].
representatives of Western civilization many coming here looking like a freak when przystrajaja August in Indian clothes boutiques, girls with a wild expression in his eyes, young bloods who read novels about India's mysticism, circus monty python ...
to the Indians offering further attractions, guides, souvenirs, tours by jeep, rafting, canyoning, elephants and Camel .... and it gets kropowki
damn, I wanted to invite you to Rishikesh and went some pastiche;)
probably disastrous abomination action on malaria. Cala group has delicate Stanny different poison awareness by those who have us protect against malaria in a place where malaria is not ..
seriously considering stopping this shit, and a return to normalcy at the end of
I'll go with the bags, the whole cash for the cafe, hahaha

Canyoning:

... tia
tapped into but rather to the waterfall is a very interesting classes .. . hihi
nothing in this patent bite I mean sport called canyoningiem.
Men bored at work korporacjch run on holidays in all the world just to take a bit of adrenaline. This is a mischievous mother nature is just.
Once I went to hunt, podcinalismy the throat in the struggle for land, females and other pleasures. Now we are the masters of skapcialymi mens fewer classes, cook and wash, do not fight in wars, not fighting for females, species disaster .... So
of three males and one female immediately went itself one of canyoning in India. Endi
of Goshia found the Indians who for a modest 900rupiszczy from lba organizes such to party in the nearby mountains. 8:30 AM
point group 4 Rough Riders went into the tourist office of Mr and she went along with it by rocking the bridge to jeepa.Jeepem around 5 km above the intermediate station. from there, "the shoe" about 20 minutes of acute march [and granddad got sapki] and we are on the spot. The first waterfall is a waterfall, rather because that just seemed to us in August from the bottom. After the entrance to the gore turned out, however, with 20m vertical wall does not look as innocent as the bottom; [Fast and the first instruction stanowiskowy Smialek goes down the line. position is well protected [3 points] on the ropes look quite new, we are sunk into the foam look like a UFO-Ludki, even the monkeys fled to our view. Everything went ok until they did not go down Goshia. Suddenly in the middle of the height, where the waterfall a bit harder in August churned next przyschnietego Goshia tree stops and starts in horror cry for help. Okaalo August with the harnesses was not secured and part of the pelvis was separated from the rest. Goshia not looked good, had as they say colloquially, "in the eyes of death" and not the jokes that I preferred to someone has saved.
Our Lord instructor quickly dropped the second line and went down in a jiffy to Gosia. By joining forces they came down to the greenish "eyes" in which they gave the armature. I also I left, it was not easy, leg slip August on the mossy rocks, not needed kombinowalem trying to stream coming down the waterfall. So do not go down! Water
had a strumen with shoes slipping and losing its balance. Since the mid-descent I realized that such departure is getting a "straddle," bearing a flow between your legs - exactly hahaha!
At the end of training descent consternation, I see the water away and made me come to an end line, The Hindu's will from the top "JUPM" JUMP! " no to let go online and sru ..
beautiful dive into the abyss of ice water and I counted the first exit.
interesting note, the foam as the SciFi movie gives the total comfort of swimming in icy water, feeling with a zimnawa but not icy cold, not enough to paralyze the movements [recommend]. Now climbing outfit UFO one level above the waterfall with some height 36m! 36m is the height of average folks tower block in each of the cities in which you live: [
When hanging from a rope [only one] is not insured in any way, the foamy depths are looking from the top down, the feeling is great bordering on total pierdolcem. My big boys like that feeling ... hmm but already Goshia not looked at equally happy .. nietety adrenaline as she said it is not necessary to life. The rope on which they spuszczalismy strangely elastic, a bit too springy feeling did not give 100% security, to which was wet when it was becoming slippery and weird system thanks to which zchodzilismy safely on a dry line did not work longer good on wet.
When I found myself just above the edge of the wall had very mixed feelings about their presence there [Fool Raduncu thought]
But they went all Goshia also for what goes to congratulate her, there was neither easy nor pleasant for her to share with assurance. Next
was easier, we did not get from any high walls, rather zeslisgiwanie August after shorter distances or abseiling down the dupach swift alpine stream. We stayed in the place where the terrain resembles the places we can Beskid Mountains. Except that the cacti grow, the forest is dry as a chip, and the monkeys uparowane drzewch sit looking at us as the single bande ... ow :))))
What's more? Canyoning is pretty cool, I would recommend to anyone adrenalinowcowi!
but I do not recommend a bit irresponsible Indian and situations beyond the mountains founded scenariusz.Gdyby this is not just another wonderful and exciting sport prep which is a combination of climbing, mountaineering and swimming in cold streams.
I'm alive:)